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Barack Obama declared yesterday that he would shift “the central front in the War on Terror” from Iraq to Afghanistan, promising a “new era of international co-operation” in which America would once more lead — rather than alienate — the rest of the world.
He condemned President Bush’s “single-minded and open-ended focus on Iraq”, saying that it had diverted resources from what should have been the top priority of Afghanistan — “a war that we have to win” — where he promised to send at least two more combat battalions.
The Democratic candidate delivered his key speech on foreign policy in Washington before a trip to Europe and the Middle East next week when his credentials as a potential commander-in-chief are expected to come under intense scrutiny.
Although he insisted that his plan to withdraw combat brigades from Iraq within 16 months was possible, Mr Obama was careful to say that he would make “tactical adjustments” according to advice from military commanders and that an unspecified “residual force” would remain.
John McCain, his Republican rival, was scornful, pointing out that Mr Obama had chosen to set out plans without witnessing recent progress in Iraq or even setting foot in Afghanistan. “In my experience,” he said, “fact-finding missions usually work best the other way around: first you assess the facts on the ground, then you present a new strategy.”
The precise itinerary of Mr Obama’s trip is being kept opaque for security reasons but it is understood that he has changed plans to start his overseas tour in Britain and will now visit the Middle East before travelling to Europe.
One highlight is expected to be a rally in Berlin, a city rebuilt after the Second World War with US help that Mr Obama described yesterday as symbolising his country’s capacity to “shape events not just through military force but through the force of our ideas”.
He added: “It’s time for America and Europe to renew our common commitment to face down the threats of the 21st century just as we did the challenges of the 20th.”
There are, however, nuanced disagreements emerging between Mr Obama and European governments on his foreign policy. During a trip to Washington last week, Des Browne, the Defence Secretary, made plain his distaste for withdrawal timetables from Iraq, saying that they do “not serve any of us”.
Mr Browne also gave warning that it was impossible to seal the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, pointing out that the British military had never managed to do so in the far less hostile terrain of Northern Ireland. Like other Nato members in Afghanistan, Britain places less emphasis on a purely military solution.
Mr Obama said yesterday that he wanted to secure the border, adding: “We need more troops, more helicopters, more satellites, more Predator drones.” He reiterated that the US forces should be ready to cross into Pakistan without permission “to take out high-level terrorist targets like bin Laden if we have them in our sights”.
Germany is among the Nato members who are feeling pressure from Mr Obama to remove caveats limiting the role of its troops in Afghanistan to non-combat operations.
His promise to hold direct talks “without preconditions” over Iran’s nuclear ambitions has raised eyebrows in Europe, where business has paid a high price for a united front from the West.
Yesterday Mr Obama was careful to “commend the work of our European allies on this important matter” and promised that there would be careful preparations before any meeting with the Iranian leadership. He pledged to “use all elements of American power to pressure the Iranian regime”.
Much of the speech was pitched towards American voters. According to an opinion poll published yesterday, fewer than half say that Mr Obama would be a good commander-in-chief, compared with 72 per cent for Mr McCain.
Mr Obama said that neither President Bush nor Mr McCain had “a strategy for success in Iraq – they have a strategy for staying in Iraq”. He added: “At some point, a judgment must be made. Iraq is not going to be a perfect place and we don’t have unlimited resources to try to make it one.”
Mr McCain said that his opponent had been proved wrong when he predicted that the military surge in Iraq 18 months ago would increase sectarian violence. “I know how to win wars,” he said.

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To Scott in London - 4% of GDP is the budget. Discretionary federal spending on special bills (eg - Iraq, the surge etc) takes it to 10% of GDP, not including private contracts. Due to the multiplier effect (basic econ), stopping the wars would create a major economic contraction in the USA.
Will, London,
I feel he should concentrate on the home front first as its no point leading a nation so ignorant of the rest of the world. He must improve education, standard of living and the health care system first. Only then can he hope that US citizens will actually make informed decisions on foreign policy.
Glynn , Kingston,
Obama should concentrate on the environment. Afghanistan is nothing compared to the environmental issues that the planet is facing. War pollutes. Unfortunately the US war machine needs wars to keep its war industry humming over.
Jim Wills, Brisbane, Australia
According to his STATEMENT-iff Elected-He Will be the LEADER of the W O R L D. Now that was a mouthfull.So You Presidents-Prime Ministers and the rest of other Nations Leaders-Please remember that and act accordindly.
Adam, Vancouver,
To Zulfiwar: Pakistan has been sitting back and letting US attack its territories, or have you not been watching the news.
Sohail, Toronto,
Its taking the lead that has gotten us into these messes. If its not with the UN its alone too and we cant hold up the whole free world while the rest of the Democracies are more concerned about doing business. Dems and Repubs are sick of the world and want home. Both canadates dont see this.
William, Atlanta, USA
To Will in London: the US spends approximately 4% of GDP on military expenditure and ranks 28th in the world in terms of percentage of GDP.
Scott, London,
"Mr Obama said that neither President Bush nor Mr McCain had a strategy for success in Iraq they have a strategy for staying in Iraq." It sounds more like Mr Obama certainly does not have a strategy for success in Iraq, only a strategy for leaving!
Chris, London, UK
The important thing about Obama's speech was that he told the truth about the invasion of Iraq.
And of course John McCain's fact finding missions apply to Bush don't they!
There is a long way to go before the majority of thinking people will trust the US - impeaching Bush would be a good start.
Mark, Malmö, Sweden
An Obama presidency would be a major disaster for America (and the world) as he is very naive when it comes to foreign policy and grossly ignorant in regard to economics.
Jason, Pittsburgh, USA
I'm finding Obama a bit of a bore, or at least his supporters. While he speaks well, they are nothing more than bland generalities or grand gestures - no real substance. If he were a white guy from Chicago would anybody pay him any attention or adulation he is getting. Is this reverse racism?
James, Epsom, England
Americans have NO desire to take over the world but when a country is in a position to help, don't you think it has a responsibility to do so? According to alot of you, I guess not. So much for love for your fellow man. Most videos I've seen show Iraqi's thanking or waving at US and allies' guys.
K Brooks, oklahoma , US
Lastly, the US is NOT losing in Iraq. In fact, we are now at the point that Iraq is stable and can take over and defend itself. Most casualties in the war were from insurgents not allied forces. FACT
K Brooks, oklahoma , US
The US spends about 10% of their GDP on war. Sadly, the US economy needs war. And the world economy needs the US. Obama can't opt out of war, but he must choose an arena. The rest is just a commentary that will inflict suffering on mostly innocent people. Can Obama truly effect "change"?
Will, London,
Some one commented on soverign nations, America has been invading soverign nations since 1948. Obama was only a baby and America is still invading soverign nations the last one is Iraq, 1953 it was Iran, 2008 its Iran again. All the wars has something to do with OIL.
Daphne Kenward, Cambridge, UK
Mike from Perth is right, Although Pakistan is a independent state one third of it is controlled by tribal leadership which is under significant pressure from the taleban. The Golan straight is down the swanny I suggest that Obama has a point about going into the teritory as needed
graeme , Newcastle, UK
As a Pakistani I am disappointed by Obama. Any such unilateral action on sovereign territory of Pakistan- even if it is our "wild wild west" is going to further alienate both the Americans and those in Pakistan who want Pakistan to be a long term ally of the US. It is a misguided policy.
Y.L.Hamdani , Islamabad , Pakistan
O damn, here we go again.........the cavalry ain't goin to win this one, man. You are up against people who have nothing to loose on earth and paradise awaits them if they die in battle. Loose loose. QED
GK, Calgary, Canada
I am afraid that Obama's presidency would be even bigger disaster for whole world as GWB's presidency.
Imants, Ventspils, Latvia
Your loosing a illegal war in IRAQ and your loosing in Afgan and you want to send troops in Pakistan. The more you attack muslim countries the more suicide bombers you will create. I think USA needs to change its policies and stop terrorising the world.
NMC, Sheffield,
A good example of racism from kanoongoo.
A typical Democrat policy to withdraw arbitrarily from Iraq when on the point of victory - selling Iraq down the river just like they did with South Vietnam. What prospect of any victory in Afghanistan when we have retreated from Iraq and left it to fester?
TrevorH, OXON, UK
I agree with John Taylor. Americans ram tehir way into many of the situations they have been forced to deal with due to the international policy and influence. Leave them alone to live their own lives, but when they go wrong according to World concensus, then create an international plan that works
kevin, canada, canada
We are forgetting the history, powerful states were blind and had thirst to rule the world.US wants to repeat the same, consequences will be the same as happened in past.We should not forget US support to Afghanistan for her own interest and now invading for her own interest everywhere in the world.
Kamran Aslam, Lahore, Pakistan
Invade Pakistan? And I thought the bloody fool was just greedy for office. He's not! He is INSANE!!!! Some of his "handlers" need to explain to him the meaning of a "sovereign nation"!
Bob Evans, Anaheim, California
China is willing to be led by the US! Bravo! Cheers!
Long live for the Great World Co-Prosperity Sphere led by the great US!
heihei :)
Ran, York, UK
You can't be the leader if nobody will follow you.
Shirley Jackson, Warsaw, Zagreb, Brussels, European Union
Hello commenters!
How many of you realise that the north-west third of Pakistan is part of Pakistan in name only? It's called the tribal regions and neither Pakistan's military nor it's government have any control over what happens there. If anyone does, it's the Teliban (ie Obama has a clue).
Mike, Perth, Aus
Apparently, the US higher ups are set on invading Pakistan. The real reason being Central Asian oil and US's insatiable hunger for Narcotics!! Having said that, I think Pakistan brought this upon themselves by letting terrorists flourish in the tribal areas. Pakis should prepare to get in the neck!!
Sufian, Islamabad, Pakistan
Sending troops to Pakistan will alienate the world more.
G, toronto , canada
The people waging war against the Western world are those countries with no democratic back bone.
They are fundamentally flawed. They stand up against America, Britain and most of the Western world, while brutally murdering their own countrymen in the name of religion.
If their was a God..........
Davey, birmingham, uk
Its amazing how Senator Obama says that the war in Iraq alienated allies, and then proceeds to say that he'll march into Pakistan (an ally). Such a move would only alienate more allies and it would not solve the terrorist problem. I can only hope that this is mere sabre-rattling.
Ali Habib, Karachi, Pakistan
Finally there is some one who names it! The 'pure land,' Pakistan is where, as many suspect, terrorists of the past & future are being trained, with help from its military. Bush did not want to focus for reasons well known: he was little interested in terrorists or their training - just oil thirsty!
Stanislaus Alla, Chestnut Hill, USA
I was born in Pakistan, I have lived in the US since 1995. I am a US citizen, I have supported Obama in primary election. I think Obama need to stop with send troops to further nations such as Pakistan. We need a solution not to escalate the problems. We need to stay the course in Iraq/afghanistan.
Waqar Khan, New York, USA
Have Americans no sense? Even after 7 years of fighting, they havent been able to understand that Al Qaeda is not a pickup truck that they can chase across the border ... Its morphed into an ideological movement knowing no borders, thanks to the Americans and naive policies. Perhaps its time to talk
John Taylor, London,
Well Done, I commend Mr Obama, He is finally putting emphapis in the right direction, The world knows pakistan is an expoter of terror.
Azim Khan, Hamilton, New Zealand
"Mr Obama said yesterday that he wanted to secure the border, adding: We need more troops, more helicopters, more satellites, more Predator drones.
I wish he were talking about our border to the south. It's a combat zone
r. burns, Tampa, USA
Pakistan herself feels threatened by Taliban influence in northen region and has forces which are more in number than what is present in Afganistan. It was because of Pakistans help that successes have been made in Afganistan more needs to be on economic end, dont leave Afghans like the last time.
majid, Islamabad, Pakistan
Afghanistan is going to become the next Iraq. He says America and Europe are going to lead the new era when world influence has clearly shifted to the east. I have yet to hear him state his foreign policy on countries like China and India that will be the most influential countries in this new "era
Philip Leung, Glenrothes, Scotland
I hate military adventurism, but sending US forces into Pakistan to take out high-level terrorist targets like bin Laden if we have them in our sights is not the same as invading or attacking Pakistan. If we KNOW where Bin Laden is, we get him, leave, and concentrate on rebuilding Afghanistan.
Michael Sheridan, Sacramento, California, USA
Interesting, Mr. Silverman. So, instead of Afghanistan, we invade Iran at behest of Israeli lobby? Let's forget Pakistan. Forget Iran. We went to Afghanistan b/c of 9-11. And if US comes up with alternative fuel, why care about the Mid-East? Now I see, b/c the Israeli lobby wouldn't like that.
Janet, St. Louis, USA
Pakistan should have no qualms about NATO missions within its border if the aim of the mission is to route out terrorists.Pakistan must ask itself, who is the real threat NATO, India or China? No, it is rogue states such as Iran who have no loyalty towards any state, Islamic or not.
Mike, Sheffield, UK
As long as Obama or McCain don't have shares in Haliburton, the world should be thankful that there will be a new US President. No current western politician is equiped to tackle the Iraq/Afghan problem. Its up to the people of those states, no-one else. Who are we to dictate how others should live
Adam Jason, Bury, Manchester, England
Who denies that Pakistan is a sovereign nation or it is right to defend. The point is, 'Are not terrorists trained in Al Qaida camps on its soil, with alleged support from its army? That's the crux of the issue & no comment seem to confront that? Can it deny most future terrorists are trained there!
Stanislaus Alla, Chestnut Hill, USA
Where was all this when he was bashing the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Columbia Free Trade Bill?
Obama stands for whatever will get him elected President and changes week to week. He's just another regular politician but perhaps far more odious for pretending to not to be one.
John Swaine, Malta, Malta
Obama needs to realise that the only way that they will leave those countrieslooking goo dis fi those countries are settled and secure and support teh Us. The only way the US will get groundswell support in those countries is if they see that the US has been good to them- Money and assets wise.
mike, Auckland, Nz
As long as the US is the most powerful nation, it wil be the world's policeman. Subsequently it will always alienate and be hated by certain nations and thier people. The US needs to come to terms with the fact that it cannot be loved for as long as it is the world's most powerful empire. We know!
Stuart, Chelmsford, UK
the only way he will get support from those countries is if he spreads their il wealth in thsoe countries- not to US firms working there. People need jobs, wealth and freedom from poverty to look back and say - the US was good for us.
Put civil investment money in, and get security out.
mike, Auckland, Nz
Firstly the saudi oil debt of $5bn has not been written off ,its been defered for a year. You all are being extremely naive if you think that Pak will just sit and let the US run sorties. Its a soverign nation and if that will not be respected then Pak is capable of defending itself. Back off Obama!
Zulfiqar, london,
i'm glad to hear that he has discovered the war on terror and wants to kill terrorists. he's a hawk !! heck, he's a military genius. a warmonger.
joe, new york, usa
Basically, those in Afghanistan pose little threat to Israel, while those in Iran are seen as a great threat. The Iraqi threat to Israel has, of course, been removed.
Obama risks alienating the powerful Israel lobby by shifting emphasis to Afghanistan.
Arik Silverman, MIlwaukee, USA
To the peope who say Obama cannot pick Pakistan on a map is just ignorant, as is saying the Americans have never left the States. Way to make a generalisation about 300m people. By the way, Obama lived in Indonesia and has spent ample time outside the US including time in Kenya with his family.
Mary, Suwanee, US
Well done, Mr Obama.
There was me thinking we had at long last a candidate who had some sense than his predecessor (s). It just goes to show no matter who is in the White House the policy is the same...lets conquer the Muslim world. Sounds good to win votes though..stupidity of the highest order.
Mohammed Jamil, Birmingham, UK
How can someone attack installments in US while sitting thousand miles apart in tribal areas with no modern facilites ? How can people who never boarded an aeroplane in their life, dont know anything about nuclear weapons , can attack US which is thousand miles apart ?
Perhaps Mr.Obama can explain !
Faisal, Islamabad, Pakistan
What do you think Pakistanis will do when US troops enter Pakistan? Obama's actions will convert the whole of Pakistan into enemy territory. US economy cannot handle a full fledged war with Pakistan. For that matter neither can any developed nation's that depends on oil.
Imran Khan, Boston, US
good. the pak army is useless.
love myra
myra, lahore, pak
"The reason George never invaded Pakistan?
<br/>NO OIL!!!!
<br/>
<br/>Andy, Correze, France"
<br/>
<br/>How silly. There's no oil in Afghanistan, duh, or Bosnia, or Somolia, where we've aided the Ethiopian army.
craig, Cambridge,
Is this man for real? Hasnt Bush already messed the world up enough by attacking Iraq that this man now wants to engage a nuclear armed nation? What does he think when he says he will send troops into Pakistan and Pakistani army and nation will sit by and clap for them? He is going to be a disaster!
John Harrington, Toronto, Canada
It's a serious mistake to proclaim he'd invade an ally. Better to pressure Pakistan in private and permit troops to follow bad guys over the border in "hot pursuit". If an occasional bomb lands over the border on a terrorist camp - OK. Threatening an ally while offering hugs to Iran is backwards.
Jill, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Like most Americans Obama will not be able to find Pakistan on a map . Neither has he any idea, of wars in the region over last 2000years. American history is 100years old as for Americans the world did exist before that, they will keep on bumbling from one stupidity to another.
Kanoongoo, Maidstone, UK
Saudi Arabian money n Pakistani logistics created the Talaban with US backing. It is time the Saudi money was stopped, pakistan given an ultimatium and the Taliban tribal regions sorted out without myopic policies.
The saudi money is like poison. They just wrote off $5 bln of Pakistani oil debt !
Nicholas, London, UK
Does Sen Obama think the people of Pakistan will sit back and tolerate his adventurism into Pakistani territory? Any such action by US troops will have huge ramifications.
Dont let such a fool near the Oval Office!
Sami , London (Intl student), Pakistan (residence)
Right-on, Obama! We cannot rely on our so-called allies to fight our battles for us. If our ememies are in the border region of Pakistan/Afghanistan, then that is where they must be attacked. Obama might just win the election if he keeps showing such good sense and courage.
john johnson, NY, USA
As long as he's at the front of them, that's fine.
Chris, London,
Senator Obama--that's a big error!! How do you think we're supplying our troops in Afghanistan but by road convoys through Pakistan? It will be like Kargil in 1999 except our National Highway 1 will go over hundreds of kilometers of shelling.
Gregory Baker, Odenton, Maryland, USA
Is this guy for real? How can he honestly think that sending US troops into Pakistan is acceptable? As a British citizen and a member of the commonwealth I am very worried that such unilateral action would be taken against a fellow commonwealth nation by the US.
Dave, Bedford, United Kingdom
The reason George never invaded Pakistan?
NO OIL!!!!
Andy, Correze, France
Very good on tv is obama. But not so good when he has to speak off the cuff.
I worry with him as he seems easily led by those around him
John McCain, Washington, US